2005年1月8日四级试卷
Part I Listening Comprehension
(20 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you
will hear 10 short conversations.
At the end of each conversation,
a question will be asked about
what was said. Both the conversation
and the question will be spoken
only once. After each question
there will be a pause. During
the pause, you must read the four
choices marked A), B), C) and
D), and decide which is the best
answer. Then mark the corresponding
letter on the Answer Sheet with
a single line through the center.
Example: You will hear:
You will read:
A) At the office.
B) In the waiting room.
C) At the airport.
D) In a restaurant.
From the conversation we know
that the two were talking about
some work they will start at
9 o’clock in the morning and
have to finish at 2 in the afternoon.
Therefore, A) “At the office”
is the best answer. You should
choose [A] on the Answer Sheet
and mark it with a single line
through the center.
Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [D]
1. A) The man enjoys traveling
by car.
B) The man lives far from the
subway.
C) The man is good at driving.
D) The man used to own a car.
2. A) Tony should continue taking
the course.
B) She approves of Tony’s decision.
C) Tony can choose another science
course.
D) She can’t meet Tony so early
in the morning.
3. A) She has to study for the
exam.
B) She is particularly interested
in plays.
C) She’s eager to watch the
new play.
D) She can lend her notes to
the man.
4. A) They will be replaced
by on-line education sooner
or later.
B) They will attract fewer kids
as on-line education expands.
C) They will continue to exist
along with on-line education.
D) They will limit their teaching
to certain subjects only.
5. A) Most students would like
to work for a newspaper.
B) Most students find a job
by reading advertisements.
C) Most students find it hard
to get a job after they graduate.
D) Most students don’t want
jobs advertised in the newspapers.
6. A) Move the washing machine
to the basement.
B) Turn the basement into a
workshop.
C) Repair the washing machine.
D) Finish his assignment.
7. A) Some students at the back
cannot hear the professor.
B) The professor has changed
his reading assignment.
C) Some of the students are
not on the professor’s list.
D) The professor has brought
extra copies of his assignment.
8. A) She doesn’t want to talk
about the contest.
B) She’s modest about her success
in the contest.
C) She’s spent two years studying
English in Canada.
D) She’s very proud of her success
in the speech contest.
9. A) Talking about sports.
C) Reading newspapers.
B) Writing up local news. D)
Putting up advertisements.
10. A) They shouldn’t change
their plan.
B) They’d better change their
mind.
C) The tennis game won’t last
long.
D) Weather forecasts are not
reliable.
Section B Compound Dictation
Directions: In this section,
you will hear a passage three
times. When the passage is read
for the first time, you should
listen carefully for its general
idea. When the passage is read
for the second time, you are
required to fill in the blanks
numbered from SI to S7 with
the exact words you have just
heard. For blanks numbered from
S8 to S10 you are required to
fill in the missing information.
You can either use the exact
words you have just heard or
write down the main points in
your own words. Finally, when
the passage is read for the
third time, you should check
what you have written.
There are a lot of good cameras
available at the moment – most
of these are made in Japan but
there are also good (S1) _____________
models from Germany and the
USA. We have (S2)_____________
a range of different models
to see which is the best (S3)_____________
for money. After a number of
different tests and interviews
with people who are (S4) ____________
with the different cameras being
assessed, our researchers (S5)
_____________ the Olympic BY
model as the best auto-focus
camera available at the moment.
It costs $200 although you may
well want to spend more – (S6)
_____________as much as another
$200 – on buying (S7) _____________
lenses and other equipment.
It is a good Japanese camera,
easy to use. (S8)____ _________________________________________________________
whereas the American versions
are considerably more expensive.
The Olympic BY model weighs
only 320 grams which is quite
a bit less than other cameras
of a similar type. Indeed one
of the other models we looked
at weighed almost twice as much.
(S9)______________________________________
______________________________.
All the people we interviewed
expressed almost total satisfaction
with it.(S10)__________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Direction: There are 4 passages
in this part. Each passage is
followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each
of them there are four choices
marked A), B) C) and D). You
should decide on the best choice
and mark the corresponding letter
on the Answer Sheet with a single
line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 11 to 15 are based
on the following passage.
Scratchy throats, stuffy noses
and body aches all spell misery,
but being able to tell if the
cause is a cold or flu(流感)may
make a difference in how long
the misery lasts.
The American Lung Association(ALA)has
issued new guidelines on combating
colds and the flu, and one of
the keys is being able to quickly
tell the two apart. That’s because
the prescription drugs available
for the flu need to be taken
soon after the illness sets
in. As for colds, the sooner
a person starts taking over-the-counter
remedy, the sooner relief will
come.
The common cold and the flu
are both caused by viruses.
More than 200 viruses can cause
cold symptoms, while the flu
is caused by three viruses –
flu A, B and C. There is no
cure for either illness, but
the flu can be prevented by
the flu vaccine(疫苗), which is,
for most people, the best way
to fight the flu, according
to the ALA.
But if the flu does strike,
quick action can help. Although
the flu and common cold have
many similarities, there are
some obvious signs to look for.
Cold symptoms such as stuffy
nose, runny nose and scratchy
throat typically develop gradually,
and adults and teens often do
not get a fever. On the other
hand, fever is one of the characteristic
features of the flu for all
ages. And in general, flu symptoms
including fever and chills,
sore throat and body aches come
on suddenly and are more severe
than cold symptoms.
The ALA notes that it may be
particularly difficult to tell
when infants and preschool age
children have the flu. It advises
parents to call the doctor if
their small children have flu-like
symptoms.
Both cold and flu symptoms can
be eased with over-the-counter
medications as well. However,
children and teens with a cold
or flu should not take aspirin
for pain relief because of the
risk of Reye syndrome(综合症),a
rare but serious condition of
the liver and central nervous
system.
There is, of course, no vaccine
for the common cold. But frequent
hand washing and avoiding close
contact with people who have
colds can reduce the likelihood
of catching one.
11. According to the author,
knowing the cause of the misery
will help _______.
A) shorten the duration of the
illness
B) the patient buy medicine
over the counter
C) the patient obtain cheaper
prescription drugs
D) prevent people from catching
colds and the flu
12. We learn from the passage
that _______.
A) one doesn’t need to take
any medicine if he has a cold
or the flu
B) aspirin should not be included
in over-the-counter medicines
for the flu
C) delayed treatment of the
flu will harm the liver and
central nervous system
D) over-the-counter drugs can
be taken to ease the misery
caused by a cold or the flu
13. According to the passage,
to combat the flu effectively,
_______.
A) one should identify the virus
which causes it
B) one should consult a doctor
as soon as possible
C) one should take medicine
upon catching the disease
D) one should remain alert when
the disease is spreading
14. Which of the following symptoms
will distinguish the flu from
a cold?
A) A stuffy nose. C) A sore
throat.
B) A high temperature. D) A
dry cough.
15. If children have flu-like
symptoms, their parents _______.
A) are advised not to give them
aspirin
B) should watch out for signs
of Reye syndrome
C) are encouraged to take them
to hospital for vaccination
D) should prevent them from
mixing with people running a
fever
Passage Two
Questions 16 to 20 are based
on the following passage:
In a time of low academic achievement
by children in the United States,
many Americans are turning to
Japan, a country of high academic
achievement and economic success,
for possible answers. However,
the answers provided by Japanese
preschools are not the ones
Americans expected to find.
In most Japanese preschools,
surprisingly little emphasis
is put on academic instruction.
In one investigation, 300 Japanese
and 210 American preschool teachers,
child development specialists,
and parents were asked about
various aspects of early childhood
education. Only 2 percent of
the Japanese respondents(答问卷者)listed
“to give children a good start
academically” as one of their
top three reasons for a society
to have preschools. In contrast,
over half the American respondents
chose this as one of their top
three choices. To prepare children
for successful careers in first
grade and beyond, Japanese schools
do not teach reading, writing,
and mathematics, but rather
skills such as persistence,
concentration, and the ability
to function as a member of a
group. The vast majority of
young Japanese children are
taught to read at home by their
parents.
In the recent comparison of
Japanese and American preschool
education, 91 percent of Japanese
respondents chose providing
children with a group experience
as one of their top three reasons
for a society to have preschools.
Sixty-two percent of the more
individually oriented(强调个性发展的)Americans
listed group experience as one
of their top three choices.
An emphasis on the importance
of the group seen in Japanese
early childhood education continues
into elementary school education.
Like in America, there is diversity
in Japanese early childhood
education. Some Japanese kindergartens
have specific aims, such as
early musical training or potential
development. In large cities,
some kindergartens are attached
to universities that have elementary
and secondary schools. Some
Japanese parents believe that
if their young children attend
a university-based program,
it will increase the children’s
chances of eventually being
admitted to top-rated schools
and universities. Several more
progressive programs have introduced
free play as a way out for the
heavy intellectualizing in some
Japanese kindergartens.
16. We learn from the first
paragraph that many Americans
believe _______.
A) Japanese parents are more
involved in preschool education
than American parents
B) Japan’s economic success
is a result of its scientific
achievements
C) Japanese preschool education
emphasizes academic instruction
D) Japan’s higher education
is superior to theirs
17. Most Americans surveyed
believe that preschools should
also attach importance to _______.
A) problem solving C) parental
guidance
B) group experience D) individually-oriented
development
18. In Japan’s preschool education,
the focus is on _______.
A) preparing children academically
B) developing children’s artistic
interests
C) tapping children’s potential
D) shaping children’s character
19. Free play has been introduced
in some Japanese kindergartens
in order to _______.
A) broaden children’s horizon
C) lighten children’s study
load
B) cultivate children’s creativity
D) enrich children’s knowledge
20. Why do some Japanese parents
send their children to university-based
kindergartens?
A) They can do better in their
future studies.
B) They can accumulate more
group experience there.
C) They can be individually
oriented when they grow up.
D) They can have better chances
of getting a first-rate education.
Passage Three
Questi0ns 21 to 25 are based
on the following passage.
Lead deposits, which accumulated
in soil and snow during the
1960’s and 70’s, were primarily
the result of leaded gasoline
emissions originating in the
United States. In the twenty
years that the Clean Air Act
has mandated unleaded gas use
in the United States, the lead
accumulation worldwide has decreased
significantly.
A study published recently in
the journal Nature shows that
air-borne leaded gas emissions
from the United States were
the leading contributor to the
high concentration of lead in
the snow in Greenland. The new
study is a result of the continued
research led by Dr. Charles
Boutron, an expert on the impact
of heavy metals on the environment
at the National Center for Scientific
Research in France. A study
by Dr. Boutron published in
1991 showed that lead levels
in arctic(北极的)snow were declining.
In his new study, Dr. Boutron
found the ratios of the different
forms of lead in the leaded
gasoline used in the United
States were different from the
ratios of European, Asian and
Canadian gasolines and thus
enabled scientists to differentiate(区分)the
lead sources. The dominant lead
ratio found in Greenland snow
matched that found in gasoline
from the United States.
In a study published in the
journal Ambio, scientists found
that lead levels in soil in
the Northeastern United States
had decreased markedly since
the introduction of unleaded
gasoline.
Many scientists had believed
that the lead would stay in
soil and snow for a longer period.
The authors of the Ambio study
examined samples of the upper
layers of soil taken from the
same sites of 30 forest floors
in New England, New York and
Pennsylvania in 1980 and in
1990. The forest environment
processed and redistributed
the lead faster than the scientists
had expected.
Scientists say both studies
demonstrate that certain parts
of the ecosystem(生态系统)respond
rapidly to reductions in atmospheric
pollution, but that these findings
should not be used as a license
to pollute.
21. The study published in the
journal Nature indicates that
_______.
A) the Clean Air Act has not
produced the desired results
B) lead deposits in arctic snow
are on the increase
C) lead will stay in soil and
snow longer than expected
D) the US is the major source
of lead pollution in arctic
snow
22. Lead accumulation worldwide
decreased significantly after
the use of unleaded gas in the
US ________.
A) was discouraged C) was prohibited
by law
B) was enforced by law D) was
introduced
23. How did scientists discover
the source of lead pollution
in Greenland?
A) By analyzing the data published
in journals like Nature and
Ambio.
B) By observing the lead accumulations
in different parts of the arctic
area.
C) By studying the chemical
elements of soil and snow in
Northeastern America.
D) By comparing the chemical
compositions of leaded gasoline
used in various countries.
24. The authors of the Ambio
study have found that _______.
A) forests get rid of lead pollution
faster than expected
B) lead accumulations in forests
are more difficult to deal with
C) lead deposits are widely
distributed in the forests of
the US
D) the upper layers of soil
in forests are easily polluted
by lead emissions
25. It can be inferred from
the last paragraph that scientists
_______.
A) are puzzled by the mystery
of forest pollution
B) feel relieved by the use
of unleaded gasoline
C) still consider lead pollution
a problem
D) lack sufficient means to
combat lead pollution
Passage Four
Questions 26 to 30 are based
on the following passage.
Exercise is one of the few factors
with a positive role in long-term
maintenance of body weight.
Unfortunately, that message
has not gotten through to the
average American, who would
rather try switching to “light”
beer and low-calorie bread than
increase physical exertion.
The Centers for Disease Control,
for example, found that fewer
than one-fourth of overweight
adults who were trying to shed
pounds said they were combining
exercise with their diet.
In rejecting exercise, some
people may be discouraged too
much by caloric-expenditure
charts: for example, one would
have to briskly walk three miles
just to work off the 275 calories
in one delicious Danish pastry(小甜饼).
Even exercise professionals
concede half a point here. “Exercise
by itself is a very tough way
to lose weight,” says York Onnen,
program director of the President’s
Council on Physical Fitness
and Sports.
Still, exercise’s supporting
role in weight reduction is
vital. A study at the Boston
University Medical Center of
overweight police officers and
other public employees confirmed
that those who dieted without
exercise regained almost all
their old weight, while those
who worked exercise into their
daily routine maintained their
new weight.
If you have been sedentary(极少活动的)and
decide to start walking one
mile a day, the added exercise
could burn an extra 100 calories
daily. In a year’s time, assuming
no increase in food intake,
you could lose ten pounds. By
increasing the distance of your
walks gradually and making other
dietary adjustments, you may
lose even more weight.
26. What is said about the average
American in the passage?
A) They tend to exaggerate the
healthful effect of “light”
beer.
B) They usually ignore the effect
of exercise on losing weight.
C) They prefer “light” beer
and low-calorie bread to other
drinks and food.
D) They know the factors that
play a positive role in keeping
down body weight.
27. Some people dislike exercise
because _______.
A) they think it is physically
exhausting
B) they find it hard to exercise
while on a diet
C) they don’t think it possible
to walk 3 miles every day
D) they find consulting caloric-expenditure
charts troublesome
28. “Even exercise professionals
concede half a point here” (Line
3, Para. 2) means “They _______”.
A) agree that the calories in
a small piece of pastry can
be difficult to work off by
exercise
B) partially believe diet plays
a supporting role in weight
reduction
C) are not fully convinced that
dieting can help maintain one’s
new weight
D) are not sufficiently informed
of the positive role of exercise
in losing weight
29. What was confirmed by the
Boston University Medical Center’s
study?
A) Controlling one’s calorie
intake is more important than
doing exercise.
B) Even occasional exercise
can help reduce weight.
C) Weight reduction is impossible
without exercise.
D) One could lose ten pounds
in a year’s time if there’s
no increase in food intake.
30. What is the author’s purpose
in writing this article?
A) To justify the study of the
Boston University Medical Center.
B) To stress the importance
of maintaining proper weight.
C) To support the statement
made by York Onnen.
D) To show the most effective
way to lose weight.
Part III Vocabulary (20 minutes)
Directions: There are 30 incomplete
sentences in this part. For
each sentence there are four
choices marked A), B), C) and
D). Choose the ONE answer that
best completes the sentence.
Then mark the corresponding
letter on the Answer Sheet with
a single line through the center.
31. The machine looked like
a large, ______, old-fashioned
typewriter.
A) forceful C) intense
B) clumsy D) tricky
32. Though she began her ______
by singing in a local pop group,
she is now a famous Hollywood
movie star.
A) employment C) occupation
B) career D) profession
33. Within two weeks of arrival,
all foreigners had to ______
with the local police
A) inquire C) register
B) consult D) resolve
34. Considering your salary,
you should be able to ______
at least twenty dollars a week.
A) put forward C) put out
B) put up D) put aside
35. As he has ______ our patience,
we’ll not wait for him any longer.
A) torn C) exhausted
B) wasted D) consumed
36. These teachers try to be
objective when they ______ the
integrated ability of their
students.
A) justify C) indicate
B) evaluate D) reckon
37. Mrs. Morris’s daughter is
pretty and ______, and many
girls envy her.
A) slender C) faint
B) light D) minor
38. Tomorrow the mayor is to
______ a group of Canadian businessmen
on a tour of the city.
A) coordinate C) accompany
B) cooperate D) associate
39. I’m ______ enough to know
it is going to be a very difficult
situation to compete against
three strong teams.
A) realistic C) aware
B) conscious D) radical
40. Can you give me even the
______ clue as to where her
son might be?
A) simplest C) least
B) slightest D) utmost
41. Norman Davis will be remembered
by many with ______ not only
as a great scholar but also
as a most delightful and faithful
friend.
A) kindness C) warmth
B) friendliness D) affection
42. Salaries for ______ positions
seem to be higher than for permanent
ones.
A) legal C) voluntary
B) optional D) temporary
43. Most people agree that the
present role of women has already
affected U.S. society. ______,
it has affected the traditional
role of men.
A) Above all C) At most
B) In all D) At last
44. Science and technology have
______ in important ways to
the improvement of agricultural
production.
A) attached C) contributed
B) assisted D) witnessed
45. As an actor he could communicate
a whole ______ of emotions.
A) frame C) number
B) range D) scale
46. This is what you should
bear in mind: Don’t ______ a
salary increase before you actually
get it.
A) hang on C) wait on
B) draw on D) count on
47. The ship’s generator broke
down, and the pumps had to be
operated ______ instead of mechanically.
A) artificially C) manually
B) automatically D) synthetically
48. The little girl was so frightened
that she just wouldn’t ______
her grip on my arm.
A) loosen C) relieve
B) remove D) dismiss
49. He never arrives on time
and my ______ is that he feels
the meetings are useless.
A) preference C) inference
B) conference D) reference
50. Mrs. Smith was so ______
about everything that no servants
could please her.
A) specific C) precise
B) special D) particular
51. Last night he saw two dark
______ enter the building, and
then there was the explosion.
A) features C) sketches
B) figures D) images
52. It is obvious that this
new rule is applicable to everyone
without ______.
A) exception C) modification
B) exclusion D) substitution
53. His temper and personally
show that he can become a soldier
of the top ______.
A) circle C) category
B) rank D) grade
54. During the lecture, the
speaker occasionally ______
his point by relating his own
experiences.
A) illustrated C) cited
B) hinted D) displayed
55. Only those who can ______
to lose their money should make
high-risk investments.
A) maintain C) endure
B) sustain D) afford
56. He found the ______ media
attention intolerable and decided
to go abroad.
A) sufficient C) steady
B) constant D) plenty
57. There has been a collision
______ a number of cars on the
main road to town.
A) composing C) involving
B) consisting D) engaging
58. ______ elephants are different
from wild elephants in many
aspects, including their tempers.
A) Cultivated C) Civil
B) Regulated D) Tame
59. Ten days ago the young man
informed his boss of his intention
to ______.
A) resign C) retreat
B) reject D) replace
60. As one of the world’s highest
paid models, she had her face
______ for five million dollars.
A) deposited C) measured
B) assured D) insured
Part IV Cloze (15 minutes)
Directions: There are 20 blanks
in the following passage. For
each blank there are four choices
marked A), B), C) and D) on
the right side of the paper.
You should choose the ONE that
best fits into the passage.
Then mark the corresponding
letter on the Answer Sheet with
a single line through the centre.
Wise buying is a positive
way in which you can make your
money go further. The __61__
you go about purchasing an article
or a service can actually __62__
you money or can add __63__
the cost.
Take the __64__ example of a
hairdryer. If you are buying
a hairdryer, you might __65__
that you are making the __66__
buy if you choose one __67__
look you like and which is also
the cheapest __68__ price. But
when you get it home you may
find that it __69__ twice as
long as a more expensive __70__
to dry your hair. The cost of
the electricity plus the cost
of your time could well __71__
your hairdryer the most expensive
one of all.
So what principles should you
__72__ when you go out shopping?
If you __73__ your home, your
car or any valuable __74__ in
excellent condition, you’ll
be saving money in the long
__75__.
Before you buy a new __76__,
talk to someone who owns one.
If you can, use it or borrow
it to check it suits your particular
__77__.
Before you buy an expensive
__78__, or a service, do check
the price and __79__ is on offer.
If possible, choose __80__ three
items or three estimates.
61. A) form B) fashion C) way
D) method
62. A) save B) preserve C) raise
D) retain
63. A) up B) to C) in D) on
64. A) easy B) single C) simple
D) similar
65. A) convince B) accept C)
examine D) think
66. A) proper B) best C) reasonable
D) most
67. A) its B) which C) whose
D) what
68. A) for B) with C) in D)
on
69. A) spends B) takes C) lasts
D) consumes
70. A) mode B) copy C) sample
D) model
71. A) cause B) make C) leave
D) prove
72. A) adopt B) lay C) stick
D) adapt
73. A) reserve B) decorate C)
store D) keep
74. A) products B) possession
C) material D) ownership
75. A) run B) interval C) period
D) time
76. A) appliance B) equipment
C) utility D) facility
77. A) function B) purpose C)
goal D) task
78. A) component B) element
C) item D) particle
79. A) what B) which C) that
D) this
80. A) of B) in C) by D) from
Part V Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you
are allowed 30 minutes to write
a campaign speech in support
of your election to the post
of chairman of the student union.
You should write at least 120
words following the outline
given below in Chinese:
1. 你认为自己具备了什么条件(能力、性格、爱好等)可以胜任学生会主席的工作
2. 如果当选,你将为本校同学做些什么
A Campaign Speech
Section A
1.D) The man used to own a car
2.A) Tony should continue taking
the course.
3.A) She has to study for the
exam.
4.C) They will continue to exist
along with on-line education.
5.B) Most students find a job
by reading advertisements.
6.D) Finish his assignment.
7.C) Some of the students are
not on the professor's list.
8.B) She's modest about her
success in the contest.
9.C) Reading newspapers.
10.A) They shouldn't change
their plan.
Section B Compound Dictation
S1. quality
S2. investigated
S3. value
S4. familiar
S5. recommend
S6. perhaps
S7. additional
S8. Equivalent German models
tend to be heavier and slightly
less easy to use.
S9. Similarly, it is smaller
than most of its competitors,
thus fitting easily into a pocket
or a handbag.
S10. The only problem was slight
awkwardness in loading the film.
PartⅡ Reading Comprehension
11.A) shorten the duration of
the illness
12.D) over-the-counter drugs
can be taken to ease the misery
caused by a cold or the flu
13.C) one should take medicine
upon catching the disease
14.B) A high temperature
15.A) are advised not to give
them aspirin
16.C) Japanese preschool education
emphasizes academic instruction
17.B) group experience
18.D) shaping children's character
19.C) lighten children's study
load
20.D) They can have better chances
of getting a first-rate education.
21.D) the US is the major source
of lead pollution in arctic
snow
22.B) was enforced by law
23.D) By comparing the chemical
compositions of leaded gasoline
used in various countries.
24.A) forests get rid of lead
pollution faster than expected
25.C) still consider lead pollution
a problem
26.B) They usually ignore the
effect of exercise on losing
weight.
27.B) they find it hard to exercise
while on a diet
28.B) partially believe diet
plays a supporting role in weight
reduction
29.C) Weight reduction is impossible
without exercise.
30.D) To show the most effective
way to lose weight.
Part Ⅲ Vocabulary
31.B) clumsy 32.B) career 33.C)
register 34.D) put aside 35.C)
exhausted
36.B) evaluate 37.A) slender
38.C) accompany 39.B) conscious
40.B) slightest
41.D) affection 42.D) temporary
43.A) Above all 44.C) contributed
45.B) range
46.D) count on 47.C) manually
48.A) loosen 49.C) inference
50.D) particular
51.B) figures 52.A) exception
53.B) rank 54.A) illustrated
55.D) afford
56.B) constant 57.C) involving
58.D) Tame 59.A) resign 60.D)
insured
Part IV Cloze
61. C)way 62. A)save 63. B)to
64. C)simple 65. D)think 66.
B)best 67. B)whose
68. C)in 69. B)takes 70. D)model
71. B)make 72. A)adopt 73. D)keep
74. B)possession 75. A)run 76.
A)appliance 77. B)purpose 78.
C)item
79. A)what 80. D)from