31. (A) How different kinds of pepper are produced.
(B) Why white pepper is superior to dishes.
(C) How the pepper plant is grown.
(D) How various peppers are used in cooking.

32. (A) He read about it in a cookbook.
(B) He grows his own herbs and spices.
(C) He heard about it from a friend.
(D) He studied it in cooking school.

33. (A) It's preserved in liquid.
(B) The skin is removed.
(C) It's dried in the sun.
(D) It's freeze-dried.

34. (A) It's more pure than other types of pepper.
(B) It helps maintain the color of certain black pepper.
(C) It has a fruity flavor.
(D) It's easier to grow.

35. (A) He answered all her questions correctly.
(B) He received a good grade in cooking class.
(C) She likes what he has just cooked.
(D) She's impressed with his knowledge

36. (A) A story in prose.
(B) A poem that rhymes.
(C) A translation of a short literary work.
(D) A journal about the process of writing.

37. (A) The class has been assigned to read than it is in English.
(B) He was able to read it in French.
(C) He isn't sure it's available in English.
(D) He thinks it's an example of what the wants.

38. (A) It's pronounced differently in French it.
(B) To write without using it is difficult both in English and in French.
(C) Every word in the French author's professor book contained it.
(D) It's commonly used in English to make poetry rhyme.

PartC

39. (A) As the result of the moisture in the Earth's atmosphere.
(B) As the result of the Earth's rotation.
(C) As the horizontal movement of air.
(D) As the vertical movement of air.

40. (A) It's the ultimate cause of winds.
(B) It causes vertical movements of air.
(C) It reduces differences in air pressure.
(D) It's used to predict weather patterns.

41. (A) Air pressure.
(B) Temperature.
(C) Humidity.
(D) Wind direction.

42. (A) How winds affect temperature.
(B) Reasons for sudden increases in wind.
(C) The origin of storm systems.
(D) How vertical air movement influences weather.

43. (A) Factors that affect the ability to remember.
(B) The influence of childhood memories on adulthood.
(C) A proposal for future psychological research.
(D) Benefits of a busy lifestyle.

44. (A) The need to exercise the memory.
(B) How the brain differs from other body tissues.
(C) The unconscious learning of a physical activity.
(D) How nerves control body movement.

45. (A) Repeat it aloud.
(B) Write it down.
(C) Make a mental picture of it.
(D) practice recalling it.

46. (A) Ask questions about the assigned reading.
(B) Give an example of active learning.
(C) Explain recent research on recalling childhood memories.
(D) Make an assignment for the next class session.

47. (A) How they behave toward ants from other nests.
(B) What they usually eat.
(C) Why they are becoming extinct.
(D) Why they were brought to California

48. (A) They protect Argentine ants that live in neighboring nests.
(B) They gather food with Argentine ants from other nests.
(C) They fight Argentine ants from other nests.
(D) They generally build larger nests than other ant species do.

49. (A) They attack members of their own nests.
(B) They recruit ants from other species into their nests.
(C) They form large colonies made of several nests.
(D) They hide from insects that attack their nests.

50. (A) They share the same few ancestors.
(B) They can't be distinguished from native Californian ants.
(C) They are evolving faster than native Californian ants.
(D) Their future survival is in doubt.

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

1. Geothermal energy is a potentially inexhaustible energy source ______been tapped by humans for centuries but,until recent years,only on a small scale.
(A) has it
(B) has
(C) that has
(D) that it has

2. The importance of the hand, and more generally of the body, in children's acquisition of arithmetic_____.
(A) can hardly be exaggerated
(B) hardly exaggerated can be
(C) can be exaggerate hardly
(D) exaggerated can be hardly

3. ______ is present in the body in greater amounts than any other mineral.
(A) Calcium
(B) There is calcium
(C) Calcium, which
(D) It is calcium

4. _______ the evidence is inconclusive, it is thought that at least some seals have an echolocation system akin to that of bats, porpoises, and shrews.
(A) Rather
(B) Despite
(C) Although
(D) Why

5. The total mass of all asteroids in the solar system is much less ______ mass of Earth's Moon.
(A) than that is the
(B) than the
(C) the
(D) is the

6. Like bacteria, protozoans _______by splitting in two.
(A) reproducing
(B) reproduce
(C) to reproduce
(D) reproduction

7. ______main processes involved in virtually all manufacturing: extraction,assembly,and alteration.
(A) There are three
(B) Three
(C) The three
(D) Three of the

8. Most documentary filmmakers use neither actors _______studio setting.
(A) or else
(B) but not
(C) nor
(D) and

9. Salamanders are sometime confused with lizards, but unlike lizards ________no scales or claws.
(A) that they have
(B) to have
(C) they have
(D) are having

10. The province of Alberta lies along three of the major North American flyways Used by birds _______between their winter and summer homes.
(A) the migration
(B) migrating
(C) migrate
(D) and migrate

11. Astronomers estimate ______called the Pleiades in the constellation Taurus is 415 light-years away from Earth.
(A) that a loose cluster of stars
(B) a loose cluster of stars is
(C) that is a loose cluster of stars
(D) there is a loose cluster of stars

12. Pearl Sydenstricker Buck, _____ the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938, is Best known for her novels about China.
(A) won
(B) winner of
(C) to win
(D) who the winner of

13. Stage producers Klaw and Erlanger were the first to eliminate arguments among leading performers _______in order of appearance, instead of prominence.
(A) of whom list the program
(B) the program listing
(C) for them the program listed
(D) by listing them on the program

14. During the decades after the United States Civil War, a host of technical advances made possible ______and uniformity of railroad service.
(A) a new integration
(B) for a new integration
(C) that a new integration
(D) and a new integration

15. Forests stabilize _____and retain precipitation, thereby helping to prevent erosion and regulate the flow of streams.
(A) to the soil
(B) the soil
(C) where the soil
(D) the soil is

16. Modern societies are such complex that they could not exist without
A B C
a well-developed system of law.
D
17. Altitude, climate, temperature, and the length of the growing season both
A B C
determine Where plants will grow.
D
18. The bathyscaphe, a free-moving vessel designed for underwater exploration,
A
consists of a Flotation compartment with a observation capsule attached underneath it.
B C D
19. Water constitutes almost 96 percent of the body weight of a jellyfish, so if
A B
a jellyfish were to dry out in the sun, it would virtually disappeared.
C D
20. The most important parameters affecting a rocket's maximum flight
A
velocity is the relationship between the vehicle's mass and the amount
B C
of propellant it can carry.
D
21.There were once only eight major lakes or reservoirs in Texas, but
A
today there are over 180, many built to storing water against periodic
B C D
droughts.
22. All harmonized music that is not contrapuntal depends from the relationship
A B
of chords, which are either consonant or dissonant.
C D
23. Expressionist drama often shows the influence of modern psychology by
A B
reflecting the frustrations inner of the dramatist.
C D
24. It is the number, kind, and arrange of teeth that determine whether a mammal
A B C
is classified as a carnivore not the food that the animal actually eats.
D
25. The sea otter is well adapted at its marine existence, with ears and nostrils
A B C
that can be closed under water.
D
26. Petroleum, which currently makes up about four-tenths of the world's energy
A
production, supplies more commercial energy than any another source.
B C D
27. Someone may refuse to recognize the seriousness of an emotionally threatening
A B C
situation and perceive as less threatening.
D
28. Through experiments with marine organisms, marine biologists can increase
A B
our knowledge of human reproductive and development as well as our understanding
C D
of the nervous system.
29. When swollen by melting snow or heavy rain, some rivers routinely overflow
A B C
its banks.
D
30. In 1884 Belva Lockwood, a lawyer who had appeared before the Supreme Court,
A B
became the first woman was nominated for President of the United States.
C D
31. The taller of all animals, a full-grown giraffe may be eighteen feet or more high.
A B C D
32. Physicists have known since the early nineteenth century that all
A B
matter is made up of tiny extremely particles called atoms.
C D
33. Rain is slight acidic even in unpolluted air, because carbon dioxide
A B
in the atmosphere and other natural acid-forming gases dissolve in the
C D
water.
34. In a stock company, a troupe of actors performs in
A
a particular theater, presenting plays from its repertory of prepare
B C D
productions.
35. Established in 1860, the Government Printing Office prints and binds
A B
documents for all department of the United States government.
C D
36. Ethnology, usually considered a branch of cultural anthropology, is
A
often defined as the scientifically study of the origin and functioning
B C
of humans and their culture.
D
37. The one-fluid theory of electricity was proposing by
A B
Benjamin Franklin, a man famous for his wide interests and
C D
great attainments.
38. Probably not speech of so few words has ever been as celebrated as
A B C D
Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.

39. Generally, Abstract Expressionist art is without recognizable images
A
and does not adhere the Limits of conventional form.
B C D

40. Although complete paralysis is rare with neuritis, some degree of
A B C
muscle weakness common.
D

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Questions 1-9
Glass fibers have a long history. The Egyptians made coarse fibers by 1600 B.C., and
fibers survive as decorations on Egyptian pottery dating back to 1375 B c. During the
Renaissance (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries A.D.), glassmakers from Venice used glass
Line fibers to decorate the surfaces of plain glass vessels. However, glassmakers guarded their
(5) secrets so carefully that no one wrote about glass fiber production until the early
seventeenth century.
The eighteenth century brought the invention of "spun glass" fibers. Rene-Antoine de
Reaumur, a French scientist, tried to make artificial feathers from glass. He made fibers
by rotating a wheel through a pool of molten glass, pulling threads of glass where the hot
(10) thick liquid stuck to the wheel. His fibers were short and fragile, but he predicted that
spun glass fibers as thin as spider silk would be flexible and could be woven into fabric.
By the start of the nineteenth century, glassmakers learned how to make longer, stronger
fibers by pulling them from molten glass with a hot glass tube. Inventors wound the
cooling end of the thread around a yarn reel, then turned the reel rapidly to pull more fiber
(15) from the molten glass. Wandering tradespeople began to spin glass fibers at fairs, making
decorations and ornaments as novelties for collectors, but this material was of little
practical use; the fibers were brittle, ragged, and no longer than ten feet, the circumference
of the largest reels. By the mid-1870's, however, the best glass fibers were finer than silk
and could be woven into fabrics or assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate
(20) hats. Cloth of white spun glass resembled silver; fibers drawn from yellow-orange glass
looked golden.
Glass fibers were little more than a novelty until the 1930's, when their thermal and
electrical insulating properties were appreciated and methods for producing continuous
filaments were developed. In the modern manufacturing process, liquid glass is fed
(25) directly from a glass-melting furnace into a bushing, a receptacle pierced with hundreds
of fine nozzles, from which the liquid issues in fine streams. As they solidify, the streams
of glass are gathered into a single strand and wound onto a reel.

1. Which of the following aspects of glass fiber does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The major developments in its production
(B) Its relationship with pottery making
(C) Important inventors in its long history
(D) The variety of its uses in modern industry

2. The word "coarse" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) decorative
(B) natural
(C) crude
(D) weak

3. Why was there nothing written about the making of Renaissance glass fibers until the seventeenth century?
(A) Glassmakers were unhappy with the quality of the fibers they could make.
(B) Glassmakers did not want to reveal the methods they used.
(C) Few people were interested in the Renaissance style of glass fibers.
(D) Production methods had been well known for a long time.

4. According to the passage, using a hot glass tube rather than a wheel to pull fibers from molten glass made the fibers
(A) quicker to cool
(B) harder to bend
(C) shorter and more easily broken
(D) longer and more durable

5. The phrase "this material" in line 16 refers to
(A) glass fibers
(B) decorations
(C) ornaments
(D) novelties for collectors

6. The word "brittle" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) easily broken
(B) roughly made
(C) hairy
(D) shiny

7. The production of glass fibers was improved in the nineteenth century by which of the following
(A) Adding silver to the molten glass
(B) Increasing the circumference of the glass tubes
(C) Putting silk thread in the center of the fibers
(D) Using yam reels

8. The word "appreciated" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) experienced
(B) recognized
(C) explored
(D) increased

9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
(A) invention (line 7)
(B) circumference (line 17)
(C) manufacturing process (line 24)
(D) bushing (line25)

Questions 10-19
The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting
birds involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their
nests merely scrapes in the sand or earth. Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks
Line for distracting potential nest predators from their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks.
(5) The ever-watchful plover can detect a possible threat at a considerable distance. When
she does, the nesting bird moves inconspicuously off the nest to a spot well away from
eggs or chicks. At this point she may use one of several ploys. One technique involves
first moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily through
the grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like
(10) squeaks. The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the
attention of the type of predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks.
Another deception begins with quiet movement to an exposed and visible location well
away from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends to incubate a brood. When the predator
approaches, the parent flees, leaving the false nest to be searched. The direction in which
(15) the plover "escapes" is such that if the predator chooses to follow, it will be led still further
away from the true nest.
The plover's most famous stratagem is the broken-wing display, actually a continuum
of injury-mimicking behaviors spanning the range from slight disability to near-complete
helplessness. One or both wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. The
(20) bird appears to be attempting escape along an irregular route that indicates panic. In the
most extreme version of the display, the bird flaps one wing in an apparent attempt to
take to the air, flops over helplessly, struggles back to its feet, runs away a short distance,
seemingly attempts once more to take off, flops over again as the "useless" wing fails to
provide any lift, and so on. Few predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey.
Needless to say, each short run between "flight attempts" is directed away from the nest.

10. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The nest-building techniques of plovers
(B) How predators search for plovers
(C) The strategies used by plovers to deceive predators
(D) Why plovers are vulnerable to predators

11. The word "merely" in fine 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) often
(B) only
(C) usually
(D) at first

12. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage about plovers?
(A) Their eggs and chicks are difficult to find.
(B) They are generally defenseless when away From their nests.
(C) They are slow to react in dangerous situations.
(D) Their nests are on the surface of the ground.

13. The word "emitting" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) bringing
(B) attracting
(C) producing
(D) minimizing

14. In the deception technique described in paragraph 2. the plover tries to
(A) stay close to her nest
(B) attract the predator's attention
(C) warn other plovers of danger
(D) frighten the approaching predator

15. The word "spanning" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) covering
(B) selecting
(C) developing
(D) explaining

16. According to paragraph 4, which of the following aspects of the plover's behavior gives the appearance that it is frightened?
(A) Abnormal body position
(B) Irregular escape route
(C) Unnatural wing movement
(D) Unusual amount of time away from the nest
17. The word "pursue" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) catch
(B) notice
(C) defend
(D) chase

18. According to the passage, a female plover utilizes all of the following deception techniques EXCEPT
(A) appearing to be injured
(B) sounding like another animal
(C) pretending to search for prey
(D) pretending to sit on her eggs

19. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
(A) A description of the sequence of steps involved in plovers nest building
(B) A generalization about plover behavior followed by specific examples
(C) A comparison and contrast of the nesting behavior of plovers and other ground nesting birds
(D) A cause-and-efleet analysis of the relationship between a prey and a predator

Questions 20-28
The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted
today—summed up, not altogether accurately, as "research and development." Yet
historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a relatively recent
Line phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world
(5) as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive
research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently
misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology
evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became
increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way
(10) to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific
methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the
nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about
using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of what passed
for the application of science was "engineering science" rather than basic science.
(15) Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific
knowledge and of public awareness-if not understanding-of it had created a belief that the
advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic
benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the
assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting
(20) with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through
them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New
areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of
attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly
do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways.
(25) In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and
the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even
be multidirectional.

20. What is the author's main purpose in the passage?
(A) To show how technology influenced basic science
(B) To describe the scientific base of nineteenth-century American industries
(C) To correct misunderstandings about the connections between science, technology, and industry
(D) To argue that basic science has no practical application
21. The word "altogether" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) completely
(B) realistically
(C) individually
(D) understandably

22. The word "intensive" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) decreased
(B) concentrated
(C) creative
(D) advanced

23. The "list" mentioned in line 13 refers to
(A) types of scientific knowledge
(B) changes brought by technology
(C) industries that used scientific techniques
(D) applications of engineering science

24. The understanding of research and development in the late nineteenth century is based on which of the following?
(A) Engineering science is not very important.
(B) Fundamental science naturally leads to economic benefits.
(C) The relationship between research and development should be criticized.
(D) Industrial needs should determine what areas fundamental science focuses on.

25. The word "it" in line 16 refers to
(A) understanding
(B) public awareness
(C) scientific knowledge
(D) expansion

26. The word "assumption" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) regulation
(B) belief
(C) contract
(D) confusion

27. Why does the author mention "consultants" in line 24 ?
(A) To show how new areas of science have given rise to new professions
(B) To distinguish between scientists who work in industry and those who do not
(C) To explain the ways in which scientists find financial support for their work
(D) To show how scientists who work in basic research contribute to applied science

28. Which of the following statements does the passage support?
(A) The development of science and of industry is now interdependent.
(B) Basic scientific research cannot generate practical applications.
(C) Industries should spend less money on research and development.
(D) Science and technology are becoming more separate.

Questions 29-39
The economic depression in the late-nineteenth-century United States contributed
significantly to a growing movement in literature toward realism and naturalism. After the
1870' s, a number of important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed
Line immediately following the Civil War of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism.
(5) Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real life and accurate representation
without idealization, they studied local dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in
specific regions of the country, and emphasized the "true" relationships between people. In
doing so, they reflected broader trends in the society, such as industrialization,
evolutionary theory which emphasized the effect of the environment on humans, and the
(10) influence of science.
Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depicted life in the South;
Hamlin Garland described life on the Great Plains; and Sarah One Jewett wrote about
everyday life in rural New England. Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories
that portrayed local life in the California mining camps.
(15) Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became the country's most
outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye. In
his stories and novels, Twain drew on his own experiences and used dialect and common
speech instead of literary language, touching off a major change in American prose style.
Other writers became impatient even with realism. Pushing evolutionary theory to its
(20) limits, they wrote of a world in which a cruel and merciless environment determined
human fate. These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship,
studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life.
Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest experience.
Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novels such as Sister Carrie, grimly
(25) portrayed a dark world in which human beings were tossed about by forces beyond their
understanding or control. Dreiser thought that writers should tell the truth about human
affairs, not fabricate romance, and Sister Carrie, he said, was "not intended as a piece of
literary craftsmanship, but was a picture of conditions."

29. Which aspect of late-nineteenth-century United States literature does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The influence of science on literature
(B) The importance of dialects for realist writers
(C) The emergence of realism and naturalism
(D) The effects of industrialization on romanticism

30. The word "prevailed" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) dominated
(B) transformed
(C) entered
(D) generalized

31. The word "they" in line 8 refers to
(A) authors
(B) dialects
(C) stories
(D) relationships

32. According to the passage, a highly significant factor in the development of realist and naturalist literature was
(A) the Civil War
(B) a recognition that romanticism was unpopular
(C) an increased interest in the study of common speech
(D) an economic depression

33. Realist writers took an interest in all of the following EXCEPT
(A) human relationships
(B) characteristics of different regions
(C) the idealization of life
(D) social and historical theories

34. The word "depicted" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) emphasized
(B) described
(C) criticized
(D) classified

35. Why does the author mention mining camps in line 14 ?
(A) To contrast the themes of realist and naturalist writers
(B) To illustrate how Bret Harte differed from other authors
(C) As an example of a topic taken up by realist writers
(D) As an example of how setting can influence literary style

36. Which of the following wrote about life in rural New England?
(A) Ellen Glasgow
(B) Sarah Orne Jewett
(C) Hamlin Garland
(D) Mark Twain

37. Mark Twain is considered an important literary figure because he
(A) was the first realist writer in the United States
(B) rejected romanticism as a literary approach
(C) wrote humorous stories and novels
(D) influenced American prose style through his use of common speech

38. The word "foremost" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) most difficult
(B) interesting
(C) most focused
(D) leading

39. Which of the following statements about Theodore Dreiser is supported by
the passage?
(A) He mainly wrote about historical subjects such as the Civil War.
(B) His novels often contained elements of humor.
(C) He viewed himself more as a social commentator than as a literary artist.
(D) He believed writers should emphasize the positive aspects of life.

Questions 40-50
In 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents-
New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer
ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.
Line The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early
(5) decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930.
A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The
agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and
the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile
aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb
(10) natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections.